India-Bangladesh Ganga Water Treaty Renewal Talks

Kolkata, March 4, 2025: A significant development in the Indo-Bangladesh relations has unfolded as an 11-member delegation from Bangladesh, led by Muhammad Abul Hossen of the Joint River Commission (JRC), arrived in West Bengal. Their mission is to engage in discussions regarding the renewal of the Ganga Water Treaty, which is set to expire in 2026. This treaty, signed in 1996, plays a crucial role in governing the sharing of Ganga waters between India and Bangladesh during the lean season.

Background of the Ganga Water Treaty

The Ganga Water Treaty was signed on December 12, 1996, by then Indian Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda and Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. It ensures that both countries share the waters of the Ganga River at the Farakka Barrage, located near the India-Bangladesh border, during the dry months from January to May. This treaty has been a cornerstone of cooperation between the two nations, which share 54 rivers.

Key Provisions of the Treaty

Water Sharing: The treaty stipulates that India and Bangladesh will share the Ganga waters at Farakka in a 50:50 ratio during the lean season, ensuring that both countries receive a fair share of water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial purposes.
Monitoring and Review: The treaty establishes a framework for monitoring water flows and reviewing the agreement every five years to address any emerging issues.
Joint River Commission (JRC): The JRC, comprising representatives from both countries, oversees the implementation of the treaty and facilitates dialogue on river-related issues.

Why Renewal is Important

The renewal of the treaty is crucial for several reasons:

Increasing Water Demands: Both India and Bangladesh face growing demands for water due to population growth and agricultural needs. Ensuring a fair and sustainable water-sharing agreement is essential for meeting these demands.
Environmental Challenges: Climate change has altered rainfall patterns and increased the frequency of droughts and floods. A renewed treaty must account for these changes to ensure resilience and adaptability.
Economic and Social Impact: Access to Ganga waters affects the livelihoods of millions in both countries. A stable agreement supports agriculture, industry, and drinking water supply, contributing to economic stability and social well-being.

Concerns Raised by West Bengal

West Bengal has expressed dissatisfaction over its limited role in treaty discussions. The Trinamool Congress (TMC) criticized the central government for not consulting the state adequately before initiating talks with Bangladesh. Key concerns include:

Riverbank Erosion: The siltation at Farakka Barrage has caused significant erosion in districts such as Malda and Murshidabad. West Bengal seeks measures to address this issue.
Water Availability: The state wants assurances that its own water needs will be met, particularly for drinking and industrial purposes.

Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee has emphasized these concerns in communications with Prime Minister Modi.

Steps Taken So Far

India’s Ministry of Jal Shakti has been preparing for treaty renewal since 2023 by forming an internal committee that includes representatives from West Bengal and Bihar. This committee has held multiple meetings to address stakeholder concerns. A Joint Technical Committee was also established to negotiate terms with Bangladesh.

During recent discussions, West Bengal emphasized its need for adequate water supply for drinking and industrial purposes. These inputs are expected to shape India’s stance during negotiations with Bangladesh.

The Road Ahead

The ongoing talks aim to create a mutually beneficial agreement that addresses modern challenges like climate change and growing water scarcity. Both nations are committed to fostering cooperation through sustainable water-sharing practices.

As discussions progress this week in Kolkata, all eyes will be on whether India and Bangladesh can strike a balance between their respective needs while ensuring regional stability and development.

This treaty renewal isn’t just about sharing water—it’s about strengthening ties between two neighbors who depend on each other for shared resources and prosperity.

Conclusion

The renewal of the Ganga Water Treaty is a pivotal moment in Indo-Bangladesh relations, reflecting a broader commitment to cooperation and mutual understanding. As both countries navigate the complexities of water management in the face of climate change, their ability to collaborate will set a precedent for regional cooperation on environmental issues. The success of these talks will not only ensure the continued sharing of the Ganga waters but also reinforce the foundation of friendship and cooperation between India and Bangladesh.

With inputs from agencies

Image Source: Multiple agencies