In a tense escalation of the ongoing ethnic violence in Manipur, civilian buses escorted by security forces resumed their inter-district trips today, despite protests from the Kuki tribes. The protests have intensified as the Kuki groups demand the creation of a separate administration, carving out a region from the state. These developments come on the heels of a directive from the Union government aimed at restoring free movement across Manipur, which has been under significant strain due to ethnic clashes.
Background: Ethnic Tensions in Manipur
Manipur, a northeastern state in India, has been embroiled in violence since May 2023, triggered by deep-rooted ethnic tensions. The conflict pits the valley-dominant Meitei community against the Kuki tribes, who predominantly inhabit the hill areas. At the heart of the conflict are disputes over land rights, political representation, and administrative control. These tensions have led to widespread violence, with over 250 lives lost and nearly 50,000 people displaced.
The Kuki tribes, through their leaders and over two dozen militant groups, have been pushing for the establishment of a separate administrative entity, citing their historical and political grievances. They demand that the central government create a new entity—either a separate state or a Union Territory—with an assembly for the Kuki people.
The Clashes: A Snapshot of Day 1 of 'Free Movement'
On March 8, 2025, civilian buses resumed operations across Manipur, marking the first day of the government’s directive to allow free movement across the state. This move is part of the central government’s broader efforts to restore normalcy in the region. However, protests from Kuki groups quickly escalated into violent clashes with security forces.
Kuki Protests and Blockades
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Protest Locations: The protests primarily took place in Kuki-dominated areas, including Kangpokpi and Senapati districts, located approximately 45 km from the state capital, Imphal.
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Blockades: Protesters attempted to disrupt bus services by digging up roads, burning tires, throwing stones at vehicles, and setting up barricades. The Kuki women, leading the protests, were determined to halt the free movement of people until their demands were addressed.
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Violence with Security Forces: The security forces, in response to the protests, used force to clear the blockades. In several instances, Kuki women were injured when the forces resorted to baton charges (lathi charges). Video footage circulating on social media showed the use of anti-landmine vehicles plowing through road blockades in Kangpokpi.
Despite these violent protests, the Centre has been adamant about ensuring the uninterrupted movement of civilian buses, which are seen as essential for restoring connectivity across the state.
The Kuki Demand for a Separate Administration
The Kuki tribes, through the World Kuki-Zo Intellectual Council (WKZIC) and other civil organizations, have long been demanding a separate administrative entity carved out of Manipur. This demand has been part of a broader push for autonomy and self-governance, which intensified following the violent clashes of May 2023.
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Historical Context: The Kuki-Zo tribes claim that they have been advocating for a separate administrative entity since the late 1940s. The violence of May 2023, which resulted in widespread casualties and displacement, has only amplified their demand for a separate state or a Union Territory with its own assembly.
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Political Implications: Kuki leaders have argued that their demand is rooted in the need for self-representation and control over the hill areas, where they have a significant presence. They are seeking a formal recognition of their distinct identity and political rights.
However, their demands have been met with resistance from the Meitei community, which dominates the valley areas of Manipur.
Government Response and the Role of the Security Forces
In response to the escalating violence, the Indian government has taken several steps to address the situation:
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Resumption of Bus Services: Union Home Minister Amit Shah recently issued directives for the free movement of people across Manipur. The government has insisted on the resumption of inter-district bus services under the protection of security forces. The buses were flagged off from Imphal airport with no passengers on board, escorted by a large contingent of central forces, including army personnel.
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Security Measures: Security forces, including paramilitary personnel, have been deployed across the state to maintain law and order. The forces were tasked with clearing blockades and ensuring that transport routes remain open. On Day 1 of the free movement directive, clashes were reported as Kuki protesters obstructed roads and engaged in violent actions against buses and security personnel.
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Action Against Obstructions: The central government has made it clear that any attempts to obstruct roadways will be met with strict action. Security forces have been authorized to take necessary steps to prevent blockades and ensure smooth movement across the state.
The Role of President's Rule in Manipur
Since the resignation of Chief Minister N Biren Singh, Manipur has been placed under President's rule. This constitutional measure has been enacted to stabilize the situation in the state, following intense political and social unrest.
With the imposition of President's rule, the central government has taken a more direct role in managing the state's administration and security. The move has been seen as a step toward restoring peace, but it has also drawn criticism from local leaders and ethnic groups, particularly those from the Kuki community.
The Meitei-Kuki Divide
The ongoing ethnic violence in Manipur is rooted in a deep divide between the Meitei and Kuki communities. While the Kuki demand a separate administration or Union Territory, the Meitei community has raised concerns about the displacement of over 50,000 Kuki people who are living in relief camps. The Meitei leaders argue that any discussions regarding the future of the state should not be clouded by the issue of Kuki demands for a separate entity, especially when many displaced families are still unable to return to their homes.
Despite these tensions, there remains a hope that talks and negotiations can continue to address the issues of land rights, political representation, and community security. However, with clashes continuing and demands for a separate Kuki administration intensifying, the situation in Manipur remains highly volatile.
The Way Forward
The resumption of civilian bus services in Manipur amidst the clashes between Kuki protesters and security forces is just the beginning of a larger struggle for peace and political resolution. While the central government has taken steps to facilitate free movement across the state, the Kuki tribes’ demand for a separate administration continues to pose a significant challenge.
As tensions persist, the challenge for the Indian government will be to balance the demands of the Kuki and Meitei communities while ensuring that the state remains united and peaceful. Moving forward, it will be crucial to continue dialogue and negotiation to prevent further violence and foster lasting peace in this ethnically diverse and politically sensitive region.
With inputs from agencies
Image Source: Multiple agencies
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